Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts and formal reasoning.

Other psychologists have questioned the assumption that moral action is primarily a result of formal reasoning.

This does not deny that there is a system of formal logical reasoning.

In formal reasoning, relevance has proved an important but elusive concept.

You can also state theorems like is a convex cone, and use that for formal reasoning.

These examples lead to the following formal reasoning.

Introspection does not reveal complex sequences of step-by-step formal reasoning.

Bourdieu found that the culture of the upper social class is oriented more toward formal reasoning and abstract thought.

This example leads to the following formal reasoning.

We therefore hope to have wide representation from the many areas in which formal reasoning is being used and developed.