Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid.

In double-blind studies, women with PCOS who received DCI experienced the following statistically significant benefits when compared with a control group: lowered free and total testosterone, lowered blood pressure, increased insulin sensitivity and a corresponding improvement in glucose disposal, and increased frequency of ovulation.

Pioglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinedione class, it decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulin dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output.

Schweiger U, Greggersen W, Rudolf S, Pusch M, Menzel T, Winn S, Hassfurth J, Fassbinder E, Kahl KG, Oltmanns KM, Hohagen F, Peters A 2008 Disturbed glucose disposal in patients with major depression; application of the glucose clamp technique.

Carnitine improves peripheral glucose disposal in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients.

The abnormal release of growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine leads to impaired insulin secretion, and causes insulin resistance and hyperglycemia due to increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and decreased glucose disposal.

Plasma glucose is maintained by an equal rate of glucose appearance (entry into the blood) and glucose disposal (removal from the blood).

In a situation of elevated plasma glucose, or hyperglycemia, moderate exercise can induce greater glucose disposal than appearance, thereby decreasing total plasma glucose concentrations.

As stated above, the mechanism for this glucose disposal is independent of insulin, which makes it particularly well-suited for people with diabetes.