Seventy-five percent of those affected have a congenital heart malformation.

It may also be due to aortic coarctation, and most other congenital heart malformations.

In June 2007, he announced his retirement because of health problems caused by a heart malformation.

Mutations in Nkx2.5 result in heart development defects and congenital heart malformations.

In May 1991, an ultrasound examination revealed that a 17-week fetus had a potentially fatal heart malformation.

For example, in humans, consanguineous marriages lead to children with increased heart malformations and increased mortality.

Mutations in the connexin genes cause 8 human diseases including heart malformations and neurosensory deafness.

As such, by definition, tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart malformations which present together:

His middle brother Joshua was born with a severe heart malformation.

For heart malformations, although the available study has important limitations, the overall weight of evidence supports an effect of TCE on cardiac development.