Moreover, there appear to have been at least three smaller, independent chiefdoms operating in what had formerly been Utina territory.

Additionally, the Acuera, who were named as part of Chief Utina's confederacy in the 1560s, had become an independent chiefdom.

The village of Tocoy on the St. Johns River became the center of an independent chiefdom in the later 16th century.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century many of Kong's provinces had formed independent chiefdoms.

Early inhabitants included the Temne, the Sherbro and the Limba, who were organised into independent chiefdoms.

The Bahamani kingdom by now was breaking up into smaller independent chiefdoms.

The Bata divide themselves into several independent chiefdoms, for example.

Trade agreements that had linked the independent chiefdoms led to the development of regional specializations, including metalwork and cornmeal production.

It says that the Vhangona had different independent chiefdoms and that the Vhangona chief of Nzhelele valley was Tshidziwelele of the Mudau clan.

In contrast, on both Mangareva and the larger Marquesan islands each major valley was an independent chiefdom locked in chronic fierce warfare against other chiefdoms.