The relation remained after adjustment for sexual risk factors, indicating a significant independent effect of smoking.

Others, like gender, don't seem to have much of an independent effect.

In these studies, however, separating the independent effects of demographic characteristics, health care access, and disease severity has been difficult.

Though maternal age and birth order have an independent effect on the viability of the fetus, that act together.

As a result of this screening, 51 independent effects were identified that could be subjected to meta-analysis.

The available data do not permit disentangling their independent effect.

However, calcium had no independent effect with low salt intake, the doctors said.

However, there is also a strong, independent effect of the type of household in which the elderly person lives.

To a first approximation it is possible to consider them as independent effects.

Acceptance and dominance appeared to have independent effects on self-esteem.