Jamal ad-Din simply envisioned "the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners, and their replacement by strong and patriotic men."

The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers.

Their kingdom decreased and expanded in size in accordance with the velour and fortune of the individual ruler.

As such, it has been significantly extended and altered over time as individual rulers have added multiple burial chapels.

The Federal Supreme Council consists of the individual rulers of the seven emirates.

Heads did not just represent individual Olmec rulers; they also incorporated the very concept of rulership itself.

The compound Pādshah-i-Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:

Each individual ruler tried to impress by building magnificent structures.

All this indicated something more than savagery, perhaps survivals from a forgotten civilisation, or perhaps native ability on the part of an individual ruler.

The individual African rulers are only concerned with protecting their own positions of power.