These colors are orders of magnitude more intense than ordinary absorptions seen in dyes and the like that involve individual electrons and their energy states.

Exchange involves electrons in the outermost energy level in attempts to fill the outermost shell (i.e., most stable form of the atom).

Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

These coherences take the form of oscillating electric fields, since all transitions between states involve electrons oscillating.

The avalanche is a cascade reaction involving electrons in a region with a sufficiently high electric field in a gaseous medium that can be ionized, such as air.

The radiative pathway involves electrons relaxing from the conduction band to the valence band by emitting photons with wavelengths corresponding to the semiconductor's bandgap.

X-ray photons are formed in events involving electrons and are the mainly form of ionizing electromagnetic radiation used in medical radiography.

But for other uses, he said, quantum computing may not be as good as old-style computing involving electrons.

If transition state involves 4n electrons, the Mobius topology is aromatic and allowed.

It should be mentioned that Cooper pairing does not really involve individual electrons pairing up to form "quasi-bosons".