He was a pioneer in research linking smoking to health problems.

It also motivated the tobacco industry to intensify its efforts to question the scientific evidence linking smoking and disease.

The findings, published today in the journal Science, report the first evidence from the cell biology level linking smoking to lung cancer.

In September 1950, an article was published in the British Medical Journal linking smoking to lung cancer and heart disease.

A number of earlier epidemiological and statistical studies have linked passive smoking to lung cancer and other disorders.

The first medical studies linking smoking to this and other illnesses began to appear in the 1920s.

It also produced some of the first data linking smoking to birth defects.

As Tye documents, by the early 1930's Bernays was privy to studies linking smoking and cancer.

The evidence then was insufficient to link passive smoking with heart disease, the report said.

Many studies also link maternal smoking to behavior disorders in children [Source: Tyler].