The male red-spotted toad has a dusky throat and develops nuptial pads during the breeding season.

Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice.

Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads may settle disputes by means of the pitch of their voice.

"What is the cause of the violent and persistent way in which the male toad holds the female?"

In central Oregon, the minimum breeding age for male western toads is 3 years, and probably 4 or 5 years for females.

But why are there three times as many male toads as females coming to breed each season, as all studies of breeding toads have shown?

When a summer thunderstorm arrives, the male toads emerge from underground and look for pools of rainwater.

Zoologists have experimented with the physiology of the organ by castrating male toads (removing the testes).

In the male toad, lift the intestine leftward.

Like other members of its genus (Alytes), the male toad carries the eggs around entwined on his back and thighs until they are ready to hatch.