However, as illness is not equally distributed across the social classes it would appear that older people from manual occupations under-consult their GP.

There are also specialized agencies that deal with nursing, catering and more manual occupations.

For the remaining group, workers in manual non-service occupations, those who are directly involved in material production, the pattern is one of decline.

There was also a broad uniformity in the hours worked by those in manual occupations both across gender and geographical area.

Senior positions in the public services were reserved for whites, and whites working in manual occupations enjoyed legal protection against job competition from black Africans.

White people in skilled manual occupations enjoyed employment protection against black competition.

Social class 4 consists of semi-skilled manual occupations.

Social class 5 consists of unskilled manual occupations.

The concentration of black workers within manual occupations is being consolidated rather than eroded (Newnham, 1986).

Parents of teenage mothers usually married young themselves, had primary education only, were mostly in manual occupations, and came from large families.