If the mother had anemia, the risk of anorexia was more than doubled, and maternal diabetes increased the risk by a factor of four.

These risk factors include maternal gestational diabetes, maternal and paternal age over 30, bleeding after first trimester, use of prescription medication during pregnancy, and meconium in the amniotic fluid.

Though congenital hearing loss often runs in families, it can occur with maternal diabetes or an infection when pregnant.

In Haig's view, maternal diabetes and pre-eclampsia, a dangerous increase in blood pressure, reflect this tussle for survival.

The most common cause of macrosomia is maternal diabetes.

Adverse pregnancy situations, such as those involving maternal diabetes or obesity, can increase or decrease levels of nutrient transporters in the placenta resulting in overgrowth or restricted growth of the fetus.

When large for gestational age fetuses (LGA) are identified, there may be a possibility of two causes: maternal diabetes or incorrect dates.

The risks of maternal diabetes to the developing fetus include Miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, fetal obesity (macrosomia), mild neurological deficits., polyhydramnios and birth defects.

Maternal medical conditions increase the risk of preterm birth, and often labor has to be induced for medical reasons; such conditions include high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, maternal diabetes, asthma, thyroid disease, and heart disease.