Otrar is mentioned in numerous sources such as medieval Arab, Persian and Turkish authors.

The resin/varnish meaning comes from the medieval Arabs.

The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol.

Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century.

In this treatise, he "pointed out errors in the medical portions of Pliny as well as in the works of 'barbarian' (that is, medieval Arab) physicians."

The earliest pioneers of chemistry and the scientific method, were medieval Arab and Persian scholars.

Another people called Berbers by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers, respectively, were the ancestors of the Somalis.

The medieval Arabs learned the distillation process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively, but there is no evidence that they distilled alcohol.

Write an essay about the lives of any of the great medieval Arab or Muslim mathematicians, scientists or philosophers and how their innovations helped to shape our world today.

He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.