Japan has interpreted its Constitution as prohibiting military exports.
All German military exports must be approved by the Federal Security Council.
The argument that military exports provide domestic employment is spurious; workers displaced by market changes find jobs elsewhere.
Lacking other fiscal means of stimulating the economy, the Administration appears to be pressing for export-led growth - including military exports.
Under the new rules, military exports to Canada will become much more cumbersome.
This new round of military exports is driven by economic as well as strategic motivations.
Russia's military exports between 2008 and 2011 amounted to $29.8 billion.
China will continue to strictly implement the UN resolution and further strengthen management of military exports.
Russia's military exports are not public, and analysts say the accounting methods for figuring their sales are unknown.
The sanctions bar American military exports to India and exports to companies involved in nuclear weapons development.