Setting an example for a future unsalaried board, he donated his pay to a college scholarship fund for minority graduates of New York's public schools.

The Air Force Academy, meanwhile, has hired recent minority graduates to help recruit.

Corporations as well as minority graduates of historically black colleges are encouraged to donate funds as well.

La Guardia Community College was fourth in minority graduates (975).

"A few minority scholarships can make a difference in terms of doubling or tripling the number of minority graduates," she said.

But others argue that such groups encourage integration by stimulating minority graduates' interest in their old colleges and univerities.

FIU produces over 1,500 minority graduates in those fields annually (2010).

Federico F. Pena, the Secretary of Transportation, is among the school's minority graduates.

If the minority graduates of bilingual education have later problems in school, it is not because they learned to be literate in their native language.

Female, disabled people and ethnic minority graduates tend to earn less over their lifetime than male, non-disabled, white graduates, Jacobs will say.