Another study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women showed similar results.
"Together, these can have a big impact on mortality risk across time."
In most centers, the mortality risk for surgery is between zero and 2%.
It is a feature of other money purchase arrangements that the member bears all the investment and mortality risk.
People who reported sleeping for less than four and a half hours had big increases in their mortality risk.
There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.
For these patients, not operating carries a higher mortality risk.
A similar study found that many patients with a low predicted mortality risk were likely admitted for these reasons.
For coronary heart disease, estrogen users had a 60 percent reduction in mortality risk.
Surprisingly, having a family history of breast cancer did not affect the mortality risk associated with hormone use.