Determining the forces required to move atoms past each other is a challenge in designing nanomachines.

They are made by moving atoms around one at a time and building tiny fences.

Nanotech scientists make amazing new devices by moving atoms and molecules around.

These randomly moving atoms collide with each other and spread out in a process called diffusion.

Is it possible to build tiny machines that can move even tinier atoms?

Heat on the other hand, must move entire atoms, not just electrons.

Will we ever built nanoscopic devices that can move atoms around?

Were they really nothing more than swirling energy masses, fields of energy and moving atoms in space?

The basic idea of gradient methods is to move atoms according to the total net forces acting on them.

We're just moving atoms from one container to the other.