In such notation, the length of e is n bits.

More significantly, it requires the to be padded with n zero bits.

If is only n bits long, then the coefficients of it and of are simply discarded.

Only m qubits are needed to describe n classical bits when holds.

That is, the first n bits are each in the state and the final bit is .

Using the same function f as before, it takes n bit chaining value and n+m bit of the message.

The two addends are split in blocks of n bits.

In contrast the product between and need only be computed with a precision of n bits.

The value of a binary number with n bits that are all 1 is 2 1.

The bottom n bits of the address (the offset within a page) are left unchanged.