Usually they made alliances with native rulers who were willing either to fight alongside them or at least provide logistical support.

Once Roman military superiority was clear, other native rulers frequently gave up the unequal struggle and made terms.

The orphans were married to native rulers or Portuguese settlers.

Eventually deals were struck between rival native rulers and the Portuguese.

He was the last of the native Scottish rulers of that province.

Oxyartes was another native ruler left in the position to which Alexander appointed him.

However, the native rulers installed by Esarhaddon were unable to retain full control of the whole country for long.

A trusted Resident could even become the de facto prime minister to a native ruler.

However Cuitláhuac and other native rulers also died of smallpox.

In the far north, the evidence is less clear, and it appears that authority lay with sub-kings, perhaps including native British rulers.