The methodological problem arises, it is argued, because all we can observe and gather data from are individuals.

Scientists use tools to help them observe and gather data.

Scientists use their senses to observe and gather evidence or data.

Usually we will take this action after observing data , so that the loss will be .

That is, it is our believed probability distribution on the states of nature, prior to observing data.

This involves examining, observing, studying and collecting data on the specific animal.

In both level 2 behavior and level 3 behavior, a program can observe stale data.

In a typical linear regression model we observe data on n statistical units.

In other words, you must have observed data from near the beginning, various points in the middle and near the end.

The purpose of the base was to observe and gather data, nothing more.