In the photo, the bright, yellow-white portions of the dust cloud come from the outer cold disk.
They would instead develop in the gas-rich outer disk.
Many radial segment lines - somewhat pineapple-like - extend across the outer disks.
The large wheels are made in two parts, and the outer disk is a turbine that is designed to force air into the massive brakes.
The outer disk extends out more than twice the distance of the empty inner disk.
Once an inner hole forms, the outer disk is very rapidly cleared.
The study found that the outer disk of this galaxy is active.
In other cases, however, the shell structure may represent the outer disk of an S0 galaxy.
There is also evidence that M32 has an outer disk.
Analyzing M81's outer disk, the astronomers found that most of the stars formed more than 7 billion years ago, when the universe was half its present age.