For critical applications, the best indicator of achievable cycle time is a physical simulation.
Simulation of fluid dynamics problems often require both mathematical and physical simulations.
As computers increased in power, it became possible to do limited real-time physical simulations.
Sword of the Stars was the first 4X game to offer a physical simulation in battles.
Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation.
Meshes can also be assigned weights and centers of gravity for use in physical simulation.
This property is useful in the applications of cellular automata to physical simulation.
In physical simulation, we wish to conduct experiments, such as playing billiards.
It is difficult (but not completely impossible) to separate the physical simulation from the collision detection algorithm.
The statistics of the random attenuation are decided by previous measurements or physical simulations.