The key question is how the poor majority in these cities will organize themselves politically - not least to deal with environmental issues.
It is especially important to the country's poor majority, as both consumers and producers.
This was mainly because he promised to help the poor majority of Venezuelan people.
Even so-called low-cost homes remain access only to the middle class, and beyond the purchasing power of the poor majority.
They are freed from any duty to work, and they do nothing for the poor majority.
Why, then, haven't the poor majority seen the benefits of growth?
The main reason living standards haven't risen in those countries for the poor majority is down to birth-rate.
Industrial output was minor, due to the fact that the majority poor could not pay for the products.
But now it is her challenge to govern this wealthy city on behalf of its poor majority.
Any lasting solution must shift real power to Bolivia's poor majority.