Walter Goldschmidt (1978:341) thought that the pre-contact population of the Nomlaki was probably more than 2,000.

Meston recorded the pre-contact population of Aboriginal people as 600-1,000, but by 1891 none remained on the Island and only four lived on the mainland.

The pre-contact population is estimated at 3,000-30,000.

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially.

In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century.

Stephen Powers (1872:307) initially proposed an estimate of 1,520,000 for the pre-contact population of the state.

Published estimates of the pre-contact Ohlone population in 1769 range between 7,000 and 26,000.

While the pre-contact population of the island has been estimated at around 6.000 people3, this number dropped to 400 by 1931.

Anthropologists continue to argue over various possible models of migration to modern-day Canada, as well as their pre-contact populations.

Estimates have varied as scholars struggle to determine the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California.