Individuals with dyslexia are better identified by reading accuracy, fluency, and writing skills that do not seem to match their level of intelligence from prior observations.

Simply a guess based on prior observations?

Belisarius knew from his prior observations that these weapons would be cheap and poorly made, as would be their armor.

All prior observations had been made at or near the Solar System's ecliptic plane.

This was a key study extending prior observations, mostly from animal studies, to the human context.

You will ask questions whose answers should be already known through prior observation.

He knew from his prior observations that Niobe blamed him for the murder of her husband.

He fills in the missing data based on prior observations.

The "law" does not hold under all circumstances, so it is neither a tautology nor otherwise proveable; but it has a basis in prior observation.

This was even more noteworthy than the prior observation.