Medical organizations have been thrown on the defensive, struggling to preserve the professional autonomy of 500,000 physicians.

Some of the lawyers said that is an invasion of their professional autonomy.

The latter initiative was unpopular with teachers, many of whom regarded it as an intrusion on their professional autonomy.

Empirical study showing how practicing authors' professional autonomy can be influenced by their personality and beliefs.

Another, he stresses, was that medical researchers tended to resist interference with their professional autonomy.

"Health workers will object to changes that threaten their job security, income levels and degree of professional autonomy," the report said.

But there is an even more important issue for experienced teachers: professional autonomy.

The history and philosophy of education were removed from teacher training so that teachers lost any sense of professional autonomy.

Dare we trust such people ever again with the professional autonomy which they once enjoyed?

One problem was the challenge to party authority presented by the principles of freemarket activity and professional managerial autonomy.