The highest rank below the king, the mormaer ("great officer"), were probably about a dozen provincial rulers, later replaced by the English term earl.

The textiles on display include court textiles used by the Mughal and provincial rulers of 15th to 19th centuries.

The idea of establishing the court at Versailles was conceived to ensure that all of his advisors and provincial rulers would be kept close to him.

Smaller contingents lived in the major provinces under the command of provincial rulers.

The highest rank below the king, the mormaer ("great officer"), was probably composed of about a dozen provincial rulers.

The potestaat was the elected provincial ruler.

A provincial ruler in a rich province may have had something bordering this.

These kingdoms were sometimes grouped together and ruled by a single, provincial ruler.

The constitution was essentially an effort to provide a legal basis for replacing the traditional provincial rulers with appointees loyal to the emperor.

These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government.