Cold winters in continental interiors are due to rate ratios of radiative cooling (greater) and heat transport from continental rims.

The CIs for the rate ratios were calculated by means of a formula for determining the confidence interval of the ratio of two normal means.

Our study found a rate ratio of 0.66 for acute gastroenteritis deaths and of 0.67 for deaths due to chronic diarrhoea, malnutrition, or both.

For women the corresponding rate ratios were 3.0 (2.3 to 3.9) and 4.2 (2.5 to 6.8) respectively.

Adjusted rate ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for men and women separately by this method.

Comparison of age adjusted and fully adjusted rate ratios, however, were based only on subjects with no missing data.

More accurately, this should be reported as FRR (flow rate ratio), or simply flow ratio.

The age adjusted rate ratios for breast cancer from the lowest to the highest quartile of BMD were 1.0, 1.3, 1.3 and 1.5 respectively.

Calculations of rate ratios and rate differences with confidence intervals and statistical tests.

The confidence intervals for these rate ratios excluded the null in each of the age categories, except 5-24 and 75-84 years.