But some experts said the requirement could also discourage the development of diagnostics by raising the costs of introducing them.

They have also argued that the requirement would discourage gradual improvements of tests because each change in a test might require a new regulatory submission.

What requirement might discourage addicts' participation in the program?

The Administration has contended that such a requirement would send the wrong signal to foreign investors and discourage the flow of critically needed foreign capital.

Others countered that requirements for royalties to the state or restrictions on pricing of therapies could discourage companies from developing treatments.

Democrats said the proposed requirements could discourage participation by blacks and Hispanic Americans.

For example, requirements specifying low levels of financial assets in order to qualify for government benefits may discourage personal saving.

Rather, minimum-service requirements discourage competition and raise prices for consumers.

But the requirement that the machines provide full access to other financial institutions may discourage big banks from actually pursuing such a strategy.

This "pay as you go" requirement has discouraged Congress from creating new entitlements.