The development of these characteristics depends largely on the absence of a resident male.

A resident male defends its territory and will fight if provoked.

Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male.

A male may find an opportunity to enter into a group when the resident male dies or disappears.

It began admitting resident males in 1987 when Queens went co-ed.

These enabled us to estimate numbers of resident males aged 11-21 and 22-35.

Of 4 resident males, 1 was still alive and 3 were displaced by rivals.

Replacements in the resident males appear to occur without serious aggression.

The resident males will try to fight off the raiders and keep all the females in their territorial boundaries.

Male offspring tend to live in their natal groups until they are 1-2 years old, sometimes being forced out by the resident adult males.