Appendix fifteen suggested that symbiotic bacteria, such as the terrestrial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, have been incorporated into the parent plant's genetic code; and the natural resistance to parasites has evolved and strengthened to such a point where the parasites died off.

It is anticipated resistance to Bt will evolve in the form of a recessive allele in the pest.

Another lay in supposing that resistance would evolve as glacially as other evolutionary change has.

Natal, the birthplace of Inkatha, is the province where the black resistance against white rule evolved into a fratricidal war of black against black.

In addition, recent studies of insect genes and insect development suggest that resistance to Bt may evolve more quickly than expected and that current resistance-management schemes for these plants may be ineffective.

In Georgia, an intellectual resistance to the Bolshevik regime and occasional outbreaks of guerrilla warfare evolved into a major rebellion in August 1924.

Resistance is termed durable if it continues to be effective over multiple years of widespread use, but some resistance "breaks down" as pathogen populations evolve to overcome or escape the resistance.

While these examples show that resistance can evolve naturally, there is increasing concern that using pharmaceutical copies of antimicrobial peptides can make resistance happen more often and faster.

Now a team of scientists has shown that the snake's resistance to the toxin has evolved through genetic mutations, much as occurred in the clams.

The results, the researchers say in a Nature paper describing the work, suggests that increased resistance has evolved separately and repeatedly in snake populations.