Beavers have also been reintroduced to the South Umquha river to restore salmon lost by logging.

After discussing efforts to restore salmon in rivers stapled with government dams, the Nez Percé report on their Web site that "we also frequent restaurants and eat modern foods."

Yet whatever is spent to restore salmon, and whether the solution is fish ladders or dam removal, the company has said that its customers will bear the cost, and the carbon.

Other efforts to restore salmon included restocking fish and tracking them with transponders.

Around the North Atlantic, efforts to restore salmon to their native habitats are underway, with slow progress.

Still, proponents of breaching the dams say that even if the existence value of restoring the river and salmon can't be precisely quantified, it is both large and meaningful.

Lackey's leadership in developing policy options to restore wild salmon to the west coast of the United States is well known and controversial.

This project mobilized three dozen senior scientists and policy exports to develop practical policy options that, if implemented, would restore wild salmon runs in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia.

And now, he adds, "I find myself in the uncomfortable position of telling lifelong friends" that they will have to sacrifice to restore salmon.

A spring that flows into a stream where the Government has spent millions of dollars trying to restore salmon was overrun with more than 600 cattle in early July, a violation of Federal guidelines.