State officials dismissed them as unnecessary, including one wise rule that puts a virtual ban on the use of drugs or physical means to restrain patients unless lives are in danger.

In 1797, after Pinel had left, Pussin instituted a reform that permanently banned the use of all chains to restrain patients.

Psychiatric practitioners in the Czech Republic have defended the use of the beds, calling them the best way to restrain patients who could harm themselves or others.

Officials at Elmcrest Hospital, where Andrew died, are not commenting on this case, but said that the hospital's protocols for restraining patients were followed.

A straitjacket is a type of clothing used to restrain patients in mental health hospitals and psychiatric wards of hospitals.

And throughout the 1980's and early 90's, he was active in clinic "rescues," in which protesters tried physically to restrain patients trying to enter clinics.

The undercover footage showed staff repeatedly assaulting and harshly restraining patients under chairs.

Asylums often employed straitjackets to restrain patients who could not control themselves.

It also trains ambulance workers in self-defense and on how to restrain violent patients.

Medical restraints are designed to restrain patients with the minimum of discomfort and pain and to prevent patients injuring themselves or others.