And now the rise in the global food prices has reduced the food-buying capacity of many poor families, making their situation worse.
Its rise in the first three months of the year has reduced the capital gains from foreign markets when translated back to dollars.
A rise in the yen could reduce the country's exports and, in turn, slow economic growth.
The rise in interest rates, for example, has reduced the number of homeowners who are refinancing their mortgages.
The rise of the Internet and smart phones in the 21st Century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book.
A one-foot rise in sea level would reduce this to one in ten.
However, the rise in the number of high rise buildings have slowly reduced this.
What's more, sharp rises in interest rates would completely cut off investment and reduce spending.
Mr. Miller said a rise in interest rates would reduce economic growth that is already close to moribund.
So a rise in the yuan would reduce the cost of their material.