After much struggle, Ifat's troops were defeated and the Sultanate's ruler, King Sa'ad ad-Din, fled to Zeila.

Marching west into Illyria, Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing the two rulers to flee with their troops.

When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled Bidar in 1527, Amir Barid became practically independent.

The last ruler of the town Devashtich fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death.

The inhabitants and rulers of Aleppo and Hama fled to Damascus to flee the Mongols.

In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate.

Four generations of rulers reigned over the island kingdom before the last ruler, known in certain accounts as Parameswara, fled after a Majapahit invasion in 1398.

The Sultanate's ruler, King Sa'ad ad-Din, subsequently fled to Zeila.

The last Sassanid ruler, Yazdegerd III, fled from one district to another until a local miller killed him for his purse at Merv in 651.

The ruler of Mainz, Elector-Archbishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, had fled the city.