The scientists then compared the sequences for 16 species of whales and fed the information into a computer.
In making such analyses, he said, scientists "must compare vaccinating to doing nothing."
The scientists compared the medications of 3,000 patients with cancer and nearly 17,000 controls.
The scientists could not directly compare dead bones with living ones, since muscle tissue and fat play a part.
The scientists compared the locus in 19 species of mammals, including humans, cats and hedgehogs.
By analyzing the sequences, scientists can compare patterns and group them.
One scientist compared it to "leaving the key alone, but making the head of the key more frilly."
Other scientists and health officials compared the discovery to research done in the 1950's that demonstrated a link between smoking and lung disease.
At this point, the scientist carries out the experiment and compares his predictions with his observations.
Using this technique, the two scientists compared the reactions of two moose populations to the scents.