Many measurements in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and antenna radiation patterns require that spurious signals arising from the test setup, including reflections, are negligible to avoid the risk of causing measurement errors and ambiguities.

Windhorst's research has revolved around the control of skeletal muscle contraction based on sensory signal arising in muscles and skin and on neuronal networks predominantly in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Related issues were the plastic properties of such networks and their modulation by signals arising in the peripheral and central nervous system, specifically in the context of muscle fatigue.

The Abeles matrix formalism or the Parratt recursion can be used to describe the specular signal arising from the interface.

Together with signals arising from receptors for soluble growth factors like VEGF, EGF, and many others, they enforce a cellular decision on what biological action to take, be it attachment, movement, death, or differentiation.

Sophisticated signal processing would have combined the signals from many optical and acoustic sensors, allowing scientists to determine the direction from which the neutrino arrived, and to rule out false signals arising from other particles or acoustic sources.

While this approach may work adequately for ratios of moderate to highly expressed genes that yield bright fluorescent signals, weak signals arising from low transcript levels may be masked or biased by noise (non-specific hybridization).

In 2011 Tracey and his colleagues Mauricio Rosas-Ballina and Peder Olofsson discovered a memory T cell subset that secretes acetylcholine in the spleen when activated by signals arising in the vagus nerve.

Within cells, small molecules, such as cyclic nucleotides, are used as intracellular messengers to transduce signals arising from a variety of stimuli [ 1 2 ] .

The breaking of rotation invariance can also lead to time-independent signals arising in the form of directional asymmetries at the location of the detector.