Other studies have suggested that people in larger, more complex societies engage in significantly more third-party punishment than people in small-scale societies.

Growth rates, developmental markers and life histories in 21 small-scale societies.

However, game theoretic models suggest that if individuals are able to migrate between groups (which is common in small-scale societies), differences between groups should be difficult to maintain.

As is commonly found in small-scale societies, the definition of humanity excludes all but the we-group.

Within the works of Turner, liminality began to wander away from its narrow application to ritual passages in small-scale societies.

Similar customs to this, all designed to hold up social miscreants to public ridicule, can be found in many different sorts of small-scale societies.

"Today's small-scale societies in the region are really refugees from colonialism, and quite different from the earlier people who found many ways to transform their environment."

Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from 15 small-scale societies.

Recurring themes included issues of conflict and reconciliation in small-scale societies and organizations, and the tension between individual agency and social structure.

"Virtually every human society in history has been structured along kinship lines," he said, "from small-scale foraging societies to empires comprising millions of people."