Compared with other cases, Professor Bogudlov, who still faces summary deportation at a hearing March 5, can count himself lucky.

Its leader, Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, defended the summary deportations, saying "We are not deporting residents, just inciters and agitators and extremists."

Roundups of Mexican families in public places, summary deportations - and well-publicized threats of more to come - sent panic through Mexican-American communities in 1931.

Police claimed to have no option under current laws but to treat foreign trafficking victims without valid immigration documents as violators of the law subject to summary deportation.

A consensus, though, has emerged as courts and administrative agencies around the country have begun chipping away at provisions for summary deportations and mandatory detention in the 1996 laws.

But the United Nations noted that problems remained at American airports - where summary deportations have occurred since 1997 - even after inspectors received training about the importance of protecting asylum seekers.

Joung-ah Ghedini, a spokeswoman for the United Nations high commissioner for refugees, expressed concern about the expansion of summary deportations to the nation's borders.

She said her agency had also requested a meeting with the department to discuss the plan to expand summary deportations - a process known as expedited removal - to the land borders.

When the news of his summary deportation became known, rioting and demonstrations broke out all over Egypt.

Fearful of summary deportation and unable to make themselves understood to the police and the courts, where they sometimes meet derision if not hostility, they endure abuse in silence.