Planning for the revised Current Population Survey began in the late 1980's and the new questions were tested in 1990 and 1991 in focus groups and in random telephone polling.

The telephone polling was conducted May 7, 8, 14 and 15 by workers of the sociological institute, along with college students and teachers recruited and given a crash course in polling etiquette.

As for telephone polling, last year the spoilsport Wall Street Journal tried it and published its results the Friday before Oscar night.

Mr. Schwartzman was among the first to use scientific telephone polling and canvassing techniques in political campaigns.

Through late February 2013, Roy Morgan Research released separate polls conducted by face-to-face interviews and telephone polling.

The Republican State Chairman, Christopher DePino, said his party has pumped $25,000 to $30,000 into local elections, in addition to providing other help, like mailings, campaign strategy and telephone polling.

At the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1960s, he and a colleague, Joseph Waksberg, pioneered the system of dialing random digits that became the standard for telephone polling.

Another constant problem in pre-election telephone polling is knowing whom to count as likely voters.

During the telephone polling, the pilots and ground workers were allowed to change their votes, while the flight attendants were not.

Marist hires students for $6.50 an hour to do their telephone polling and then has them help in collating and analyzing the data.