Anselm went to Germany, but was loath to receive the insignia of spiritual power from a temporal ruler and returned without investiture.

It is a matter of dispute on what ground the temporal rulers claimed these revenues.

At the top was the sultan, who held the two positions of king (temporal ruler) and imām (spiritual leader).

They would elect the Pope of Rome to be the temporal ruler.

In 1849, Pius was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States.

There was no sense in Shiis taking useless risks by pitting themselves against the might of temporal rulers.

The Donations allowed the Pope to reign for the first time as a temporal ruler.

Some sense of that structure is apparent in the exhibition's opening section, devoted to objects belonging to Taino chiefs who were temporal and spiritual rulers.

For example, the prince-bishops of the European Middle Ages, where the bishop was also the temporal ruler.

Coercive temporal authority over their bodies or estates could only be given by concession from the temporal ruler.