Psychology studies have been conducted to test differences in motivation between users and non-users.

This invariance under cyclic transformations makes Kuiper's test invaluable when testing for cyclic variations by time of year or day of the week or time of day, and more generally for testing the fit of, and differences between, circular probability distributions.

The second approach uses a bivariate analysis that reveals intraspecimen variability as well as mean peak time to test differences in phase.

In particular, the authors analysed phenotypic and genetic differences sampling several individuals from different populations of European pike, They tested statistical differences in the general appearance of the skin pattern and in meristic characters as the number of scales in the lateral line.

After examination of ICCs and subsequent suspicion of DIF, statistical procedures are implemented to test differences between parameter estimates.

Mr. Kroner is testing differences in construction when a team consists of two females, two males and one female and one male.

Although the Iowa Gambling Task is a well-known experimental measure used to explore how emotions may have evolved in humans to guide decision-making, there are "real-life" factors that can be added to the Iowa Gambling Task to test differences in participants' results.

In particular, as clustering methods attempt to maximize the separation between clusters, the ordinary significance tests such as analysis of variance F -tests are not valid for testing differences between the clusters.

Albert Bandura followed up his 1961 study a few years later with another () that again tested differences in children's learning/behavior or actual performance after seeing a model being rewarded, punished or experiencing no consequences for aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll.