Bricker's Senate service is best remembered for his attempts to amend the United States Constitution to limit the President's treaty-making powers (the Bricker Amendment).

A State as an artificial entity cannot act except through its agents; the full powers doctrine which enables States to exercise their treaty-making power rests upon agency.

A State may have accepted restrictions upon its treaty-making power by surrendering all or some of its foreign affairs powers to another State, as with protected and protecting States.

Restrictions upon treaty-making power and less than complete autonomy in the conduct of foreign affairs can prevent a State from entering into international organisations.

Bowen C.J. held that the listing decision had not been taken under the treaty-making power, and that the Cabinet was not acting under any internationally binding obligation.

Proponents of the Bricker Amendment said this language made it essential to add to the Constitution explicit limitations on the treaty-making power.

The treaty-making powers of the U.S. Senate are jeopardized by the reinterpretation flap, the Georgia Democrat said.

As Mr Kacin said, treaty-making powers are needed so that we can negotiate with Kosovo and make it part of the stabilisation and association process.

Likewise, Kosovo needs treaty-making powers in order to make deals and contracts with the international financial institutions, which is another precondition for making economic progress and improving the employment situation there.

Although the division of powers stipulated Congress should "advise and consent," treaty-making power went to the smaller body in an effort to maintain "secrecy and dispatch."