In addition, the Court limited the power of the federal government under the Commerce Clause; restricting Congress' ability to regulate industrial production.

This development was accompanied by an evolving view of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause to regulate in the public interest.

This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause.

The developers argue that applying the act against them would exceed Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

The Court concluded that this was within the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause.

Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is "quite broad."

Protectionist legislation is unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause, even if the burdens and benefits are related to safety rather than economics.

This was held to be a permitted exercise of Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

Thus a majority of the justices held that the individual mandate did not fall within Congress's powers under the Commerce Clause.

At the same time, Thomas has broadly interpreted states' sovereign immunity from lawsuits under the Commerce Clause.