However, the overall lack of evidence precludes a recommendation for universal screening for thyroid disease in pregnancy.

The alternative to universal screening is a more selective approach, focusing upon the high risk groups.

Most areas of North America have universal newborn screening for cystic fibrosis.

No major organization recommends universal screening for diabetes as there is no evidence that such a program would improve outcomes.

Such research is especially easy to carry out in Israel, where cradle-to-grave medical insurance is available, together with universal screening for genetic disease.

"This is another argument for universal screening."

Pretrial services programs are expected to provide universal and impartial screening of all defendants arrested on criminal charges prior to their first appearance in court.

They thus state that universal screening may not be reasonable.

Dr. Kileny said he believed universal screening was a fine ideal, but an impractical one.

Partial screening is somewhat effective, but universal screening prevents the most infections.