In this piece-by-piece transmission, the downstream stage uses preliminary information to forecast the final outcome of upstream activities.

The company is involved in upstream activities such as exploration, geological research, and production; and in downstream activities such as maintenance of a petroleum products retail network.

Under the new Hydrocarbons Law, private investors can own up to 49% of the capital stock in joint ventures involved in upstream activities.

WOC is involved in upstream activities, including oil exploration, drilling, production and shipping.

In order to trigger the process of chemical synaptic transmission, upstream activity causes an action potential to invade the presynaptic terminal.

The situation became extremely bad in the last 1980s because of erratic water policies that did little or nothing to regulate water use among competing interests and failed to consider the effects of upstream activities to those living downstream.

Today, many cities are facing severe water uncertainties, such as floods, droughts and upstream activities on trans-boundary rivers.

In addition, upstream activities on seismic surveys and production wells were carried out, and new gas processing facilities were installed.

Ipiranga also started to act in the upstream activity, exploring and developing production of oil and natural gas in Bahia, Brazil, in a joint venture with Petrobras and El Paso Corporation.

Thus, without prejudice to the importance of upstream and downstream activities, it seems to me essential that we should define the limits of the spinning, weaving and garment-making 'production chain' .