Consequently, Little Tokyo, like other ethnic urban enclaves, is constantly threatened with development that could eradicate it.

Madrid says the urban enclaves are integral parts of Spain.

Syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with Americans on a daily basis.

In spite of its transformation from a fort into an urban enclave, the Walled City retained the same basic layout.

For years confined to a small urban enclave, they are now able to explore surrounding areas of the former East Germany.

The thriving urban enclave is home to more than 700 businesses including restaurants, hotels, and art galleries.

The great dislocations unleashed by the invasion have created poor, dangerous and often ethnically homogenous urban enclaves on a scale not seen here before.

They are building institutions - newspapers, social organizations and the like - just as they did when they carved out urban enclaves.

It was an urban enclave with a Polish-speaking majority surrounded by a predominantly Ukrainian, rural population.

"I think it's really notable and encouraging that this kind of program isn't just happening in the urban enclaves," she said.