The Saladin tithe was a royal tax, but assessed using ecclesiastical boundaries, in 1188.

Using tonal boundaries and melodic style typical of the blues, each caller had his own signature.

Segregation can also be encouraged, using geographical boundaries, while not explicitly enforced.

"City proper" is just one of several ways of describing a city, in this case using administrative boundaries.

"Cultures transcend national borders and require researchers to use meaningful dimensions of variability rather than physical boundaries."

In this way, cultural boundaries of communication could be explored, as opposed to using linguistic boundaries or notions about residence.

Simon Kemp proposed the associative model to explain telescoping without using boundaries.

Israel wants to use boundaries dating back to 1923 and the British Mandate, which give the areas to Israel.

Another way to avoid gerrymandering is simply to stop redistricting altogether and use existing political boundaries such as state, county, or provincial lines.

The new satellite telecommunication systems, which are becoming more prevalent, make it more difficult to use national boundaries as a basis for looking at this question.