Many honed their skills within the broad movement against white-minority rule while the congress's old guard was isolated in exile or prison.

Her most famous novel, July's People, was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule.

Namibia gained independence, ending its white-minority rule by South Africa.

Blacks in South Africa gained control of the country's government, ending white-minority rule there.

Mandela was inaugurated as the country's first democratically-elected president on Tuesday, ending more than 300 years of white-minority rule.

Mr. Mugabe, 79, has governed Zimbabwe since the end of white-minority rule in 1980.

The Government and the congress reached a stalemate in May over the drafting of a new constitution that would formally end white-minority rule.

Mr. de Klerk has promised evolutionary movement away from apartheid, including an end to white-minority rule, and negotiations with the black majority.

As one of the leaders of the guerrilla movements against white-minority rule, he was elected into power in 1980.

The congress called on all countries committed to the collapse of white-minority rule to continue to isolate Pretoria.