"There are many of them, and they are heavily armed," he said, referring to members of a pro-Gbagbo youth militia who have been armed over the last several weeks.

Post-1994 he assisted the Special Presidential Task Force in key in-tractable conflicts, focusing on de-militarization of youth militia.

The movement gathered a grouping of former youth militias of the National Movement of the Revolution.

Desperate for more soldiers, the party in late 1944 created a youth militia, and made 35-year-old Lieutenant General Chiang Ching-kuo its Political Department Director.

Starting in late March, the government bused in members of its feared Green Bombers youth militia to register as voters.

The accusation set off political and ethnic violence by Hutu members of the armed forces, the presidential guard and youth militias.

In its September report, the Solidarity Peace Trust called the youth militia "one of the most commonly reported violators of human rights" in Zimbabwe.

In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.

But much of the calm is government-enforced, courtesy of a domestic intelligence organization and a rural youth militia, the Green Bombers, widely feared for its brutality.

The Japanese also gave prominence to nationalist leaders, such as Soekarno and Mohammed Hatta, and trained youth militias to defend the country.