Associations such as these do not establish causation as the two occurring together may be only coincidental in nature.

In summary, a body of evidence that satisfies Koch's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation.

More longitudinal research is necessary to help establish causation.

The steps to take or questions to ask, in seeking to establish causation, are as follows:

Bacon attempted to describe a rational procedure for establishing causation between phenomena based on induction.

This complex theory has been only partly tested, and there are gaps in the current psychological and experimental evidence required to establish causation.

The second stage involves establishing 'legal' causation.

The usual method of establishing factual causation is the but-for test.

The important thing is that you start to learn to apply a methodology in order to establish causation in the event that something changes.

The burden of proof to establish causation therefore rests on the plaintiff throughout the case.